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João Cândido Felisberto (born on June 24th 1880 in Encruzilhada do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and died on December 6th 1969) was a Brazilian sailor, best known as the leader of the 1910 "Revolt of the Lash". Sometimes quoted as simply "João Cândido" or "Jean Candido" in foreign articles. ==Early life== João Cândido Felisberto was born to a poor Afro-Brazilian family. His father and mother were former slaves. He entered the Brazilian Navy in 1894 at the age of 13. See also: (article in Portuguese ) The conditions for Brazilian sailors at the time were terrible, and being black, Felisberto suffered even more the prejudice from the white officials in the Brazilian Navy. Several Brazilian sailors had been sent to Newcastle-Upon-Tyne in England during the two years for construction of the dreadnought . João Cândido arrived there in September 1909 and left in January 1910, conducting the Minas Geraes, and it was while experiencing the living conditions and increased freedoms of Newcastle that João Cândido realised how unacceptable conditions in the Brazilian Navy were.〔The Whip Rebellion - Jose Luiz Pereira Da Costa - page 2〕〔Jornal Gazeta de Notícias, December 31 1912〕 The sailors had many secret meetings in Rio de Janeiro, planning a strategy to stop the corporal punishments inside that new Navy, which received in 1910 fourteen new modern battleships. In November 1910, the flogging of a sailor, abusive still for the Navy rules (250 strokes instead of the allowed 25 strokes), anticipated the revolt, known in Brazil as "Revolta da Chibata" ("Revolt of the Lash"). Sailors took control of two Brazilian battleships, ''Minas Geraes'' and ''São Paulo'', both built in England, as well as two other major warships. Their demands included the abolition of torture as a form of punishment and improved living conditions in the Brazilian Navy. João Cândido was the leader and the dealer of the movement. The new Brazilian president, Hermes da Fonseca, promised the end of "Chibata" and approved an amnesty, but the government later went back on this promise. In the revolt's aftermath Felisberto and many of his follower mutineers were either arrested, tortured or murdered in prison. Felisberto himself was tortured, and also contracted tuberculosis, but he recovered after some months and was eventually released. The Brazilian press nicknamed him "Almirante Negro", or the "Black Admiral", for his actions. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「João Cândido Felisberto」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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